Benjamin Kelcey

My research focuses on causal inference, machine learning, structural equation modeling (SEM) and (latent) measurement methods within the context of multilevel and multidimensional settings such as classrooms and schools.

With respect to causal inference, I develop and apply frameworks, principles and practices that support causal inferences while paying particular attention to how concomitant social and organizational structures further afford or constrain their feasibility and effectiveness. I also develop methods for (quasi-) experimental design and statistical adjustments that enable researchers to mount focused, specific analogies of their observational studies to randomized experiments with emphasis on multilevel or clustered settings.

I also develop and apply causal machine learning methods that excel at finding patterns in high dimensional and nonlinear data while also supplying critical explanatory information about malleable and actionable features driving outcomes. Methods that can supplement accurate prediction and pattern detection with robust causal explanations hold foundational value in developing theories and programs because they provide a systematic way to understand, build, test, accumulate and replicate evidence. My work in machine learning is generally situated within multilevel organizational structures where high dimensional, interactive, and nonlinear data are ubiquitous (e.g., classroom teaching).

Similarly, my work on structural equation and latent variable modeling develops methods for complex measurement and nesting structures, high dimensional settings, (approximate) measurement invariance, and nonlinear effects. This work has included, for example, n-level SEM, latent interactions, and structural-after-measurement (SAM) and small sample (nonlinear) estimators and is also generally situated within multidimensional and multilevel contexts (e.g., complex cross-classified assessments of teaching) .

Statistically, these research areas unfold within the context of machine learning methods, (quasi-) experimental design and analysis methods, and latent variable analysis methods. The confluence of these statistical foci take substantive root in understanding the extent to which teacher and school factors can intervene to promote more effective and contextually responsive classroom and school environments. This work has included the measurement and analysis of teachers' knowledge, instructional quality and strategies, and student achievement to identify and explain profiles, pathways and practices (e.g., who teachers are, what teachers know, what teachers believe, perceive and experience, what teachers do) that produce student learning and how these profiles and practices vary across contexts.

Ph.D.: University of Michigan 2009 (Quantitative Research Methods)

M.A.: University of Michigan 2006 (Statistics)

B.S.: University at Albany 2001 (Mathematics)

2018 -2021 National Science Foundation Multisite Designs for Developmental Processes in Mathematics

2016 -2021 National Science Foundation Multilevel Mediation Models to Study the Impact of Teacher Development on Student Achievement in Mathematics

2017 -2021 Institute of Education Sciences Project Coordinate: Increasing Coordination and Use of Evidence-based Practices (with M. Brownell)

2016 -2020 Institute of Education Sciences Exploration of Writing Instruction for Kindergarten Children (with Ying Guo, Allison Breit-Smith, and Chris Swoboda)

2016 -2020 Institute of Education Sciences Optimizing Learning Opportunities for Students' Early Learning Observation System (with Carol Connor)

2016 -2020 Institute of Education Sciences The Day Reconstruction Method: A New Tool for Measuring the Work of K-12 Teachers, and the Contexts of Their Work (with E. Camburn)

2014 -2018 National Science Foundation Power Analyses for Moderator and Mediator Effects in Cluster Randomized Trials (with Jessaca Spybrook & Nianbo Dong)

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2013 -2014 William T. Grant Foundation Measuring Teaching with Cross-Classified Random Item Effects Item Response Models

2013 -2016 Institute of Education Sciences Exploring Effective Reading Comprehension Instruction: Classroom Practice, Teacher, and Student Characteristics (with Carol Connor and Joanne Carlisle)

2013 -2014 Ohio Education Research Center A data-driven approach to kindergarten readiness and the importance of the preschool years: A partnership between researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders (with Jessica Logan)

2013 -2014 William T. Grant Foundation and the Spencer Foundation Measuring Teaching with Cross-classified Random Item Effects Item Response Models

2012 -2016 National Science Foundation Empirical Benchmarks of Design Parameters for Group Randomized Trials (with Geoffrey Phelps & Nathan Jones)

2012 -2013 National Center for Teacher Effectiveness The Sensitivity of Classroom Observation Assessments of Teacher Quality to Scoring Model (with Heather Hill)

2012 -2016 National Science Foundation Empirical Benchmarks of Design Parameters for Group Randomized Trials Active

2011 -2012 Multilevel Measurement Models for Understanding Teacher Quality (with Brian Rowan)

2010 -2013 Institute of Education Sciences Development of an Interactive, Multimedia Assessment of Teachers' Knowledge of Early Reading (with Joanne Carlisle)

2009 -2012 National Science Foundation Investigating the Measurement and Development of Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching (with Geoffrey Phelps)

2009 -2011 Institute of Education Sciences Assessment of Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Teachers of Reading (with Joanne Carlisle)

2009 -2010 State of Michigan Dept of Energy Mission Possible: Graudation (MPG) King-Chavez Parks (KCP) Initiative (with S. Kanoyton)

2009 -2010 State of Michigan Dept of Energy Measuring Teacher Instruction (with S. Kanoyton)

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Grant: #CECH-R305A240315 09-01-2024 -08-31-2029 University of California, Irvine Investigating the Impact of the LETRS Program on Teacher Knowledge, Instructional Practice, and Student Literacy Outcomes Role:PI 0.00 Hold Level:Higher Education

Grant: #CECH-R305A240315 09-01-2024 -08-31-2029 University of California, Irvine Investigating the Impact of the LETRS Program on Teacher Knowledge, Instructional Practice, and Student Literacy Outcomes Role:PI 0.00 Hold Level:Higher Education

2020 -2024 Building Preschool Children's Complex Language Using Informational Texts, Institute of Education Sciences (with Breit-Smith, A & Guo, Y.)

2020 -2023 A Statistical Framework and Tools for Planning Multilevel Randomized Cost-Effectiveness Trials, National Science Foundation (with N. Dong)

Grant: #DRL-2300993 Investigators:Kelcey, Benjamin 09-15-2024 -08-31-2027 National Science Foundation Small Sample Quantitative Methods for Studies of Teaching and Teacher Development in Mathematics Role:PI 515428.00 Awarded Level:Federal

2020 -2024 Institute of Education Sciences Supporting reading comprehension for English learners through inquiry-based, language-focused instruction

2020 -2024 A Statistical Framework and Tools for Planning Multilevel Randomized Cost-Effectiveness Trials, National Science Foundation

2020-2024 Preparing Effective STEM Elementary Teachers: The Impacts of Preservice Preparation on Teachers Well-Being, Retention, and Effectiveness in Math and Science (with L. McLean)

2023-2027 The Impacts of Pre-service Supervised Field Experiences on Elementary Teachers Retention and Effectiveness in Mathematics (with L. McLean)

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2024-2027 An Explanatory Machine Learning Framework for Teacher Effectiveness in STEM Education, National Science Foundation

2024-2027 Optimal Design of Experimental Studies Investigating Moderation and Main Effects, Spencer Foundation (with Z. Shen)

Peer Reviewed Publications

Dong, N., Spybrook, J., & Kelcey, B. (2020. ) Power analyses for moderator effects in with (Non)Random Slopes in cluster randomized trials .Methodology, ,

Kelcey, B., Cox, K., & Dong, N. (2020. ) Croon’s Bias-Corrected Factor Score Path Analysis for Small to Moderate Sample Multilevel Structural Equation Models .Organizational Research Methods, ,

Kelcey, B., Spybrook, J., Dong, N., & Bai, F. (2020. ) Cross-Level Mediation in School-Randomized Studies of Teacher Development: Experimental Design and Power .Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, ,

Kelcey, B., Xie, Y., Dong, N., & Spybrook, J. (2020. ) Power and Sample Size Determination for Three-Level Cluster-Randomized Designs Probing Mediation .Multivariate Behavior Research, ,

Kelcey, B., Bai, F. & Xie, Y. (2020. ) Statistical Power for Multilevel Mediation Under Partially Nested Designs .Psychotherapy Research Journal, ,

Spybrook, J., Zhang, Q, Kelcey, B., & Dong, N. (2020. ) Learning from Cluster Randomized Trials in Education: An Assessment of the Capacity of Studies to Determine What Works, For Whom, and Under What Conditions .Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, ,

Guo, Y., Kelcey, B., & Puranik, C. (2020. ) The Role of Home Literacy Practices in Kindergarten Children’s Early Writing Development: A One-year Longitudinal Study .Early Education and Development, ,

Shen, Z. & Kelcey, B. (2020. ) Optimal sample allocation under unequal costs in cluster-randomized trials .Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, ,

Connor, C., Kelcey, B., Sparapani, N., Petscher, Y., Siegal, S., Adams, A., Hwang, J., & Carlisle, J. (2020. ) Predicting Second and Third Graders’ Reading Comprehension Gains: Observing Students’ and Classmates Talk During Literacy Instruction using COLT. Scientific Studies of Reading, ,

Kim, Y., Petscher, Y., Uccelli, P., & Kelcey, B. (2020. ) Academic Language and Listening Comprehension – Two Sides of the Same Coin? An Empirical Examination of Their Dimensionality, Relations to Reading Comprehension, and Assessment Modality. Journal of Educational Psychology, ,

Kelcey, B., Bai, F., & Xie, Y. (2020. ) Micro-Macro and Macro-Micro Effect Estimation in Small Scale Latent Variable Models with Croon's Method .Testing, Psychometrics & Methodology in Applied Psychology, ,

Jensen, B., LeBaron, T., Covay-Minor, E., Davis, D., Dietiker, L., Gabriel, R., Halpin, P., Kelcey, B., Rui, N., & Steinberg, M. (2019. ) Complexity and Scale in Research on Teaching Effectiveness .

Kelleher, M., Kinnear, B., Sall, D., Schumacher, D., Schauer, D., Warm, E., & Kelcey, B. (2019. ) A Reliability Analysis of Entrustment-Derived Workplace-Based Assessments .Academic Medicine, ,

Dong, N. & Kelcey, B. (2019. ) A Review of Causality in a Social World: Moderation, Mediation and Spill-over .Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, ,

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (2019. ) Robustness of Statistical Power in Group-Randomized Studies of Mediation Under an Optimal Sampling Framework .Methodology, ,

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (2019. ) Optimal Design of Multisite and Cluster-Randomized Studies Using Fallible Outcome Measures .Evaluation Review, ,

Kelcey, B. (2019. ) A Robust Alternative Estimator for Small to Moderate Sample Structural Equation Models .Addictive Behaviors, ,

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (2019. ) Optimal Sample Allocation in Group-randomized Studies of Multilevel Mediation with a Group-level Mediator .Journal of Experimental Education, ,

Kelcey, B. & Shen, Z. (2019. ) Strategies for Efficient Experimental Design in Studies Probing 2-1-1 Mediation .Journal of Experimental Education, ,

Kelcey, B., Hill, H., & Chin, M. (2019. ) Teacher Mathematical Knowledge, Instructional Quality, and Student Outcomes: A Multilevel Mediation Analysis .School Effectiveness & School Improvement, ,

Kelcey, B., Spybrook, J., & Dong, N. (2018. ) Sample Size Planning in Cluster-randomized Studies of Multilevel Mediation .Prevention Science, ,

Kelcey, B. & Shen, Z. (2017. ) Planning community-based assessments of HIV educational intervention programs in sub-Saharan Africa .Health Education Research, ,

Kelcey, B. & Shen, Z. (2017. ) Experimental evaluations of school-based HIV programs in sub-Saharan Africa .Studies in Educational Evaluation, ,

Zaidi, Nikki L Bibler; Swoboda, Christopher M; Kelcey, Ben; Manuel, R Stephen (2017. ) Hidden item variance in multiple mini-interview scores. Advances in health sciences education : theory and practice, , 22 (2 ) ,337-363

Kelcey, B., Dong, N., Spybrook, J. & Shen, Z. (2017. ) Experimental Power for Indirect Effects in Group-randomized Studies with Group-level Mediators .Multivariate Behavioral Research, ,

Kelcey,B. Dong, N., Spybrook, J. & Cox, K. (2017. ) Statistical Power for Causally-defined Indirect Effects in Group-randomized Trials with Individual-level Mediators .Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, ,

Shen, Z., Escue-Simon, C., & Kelcey, B. (2017. ) The potential consequences of using value-added models to evaluate teachers .eJournal of Education Policy, ,

Kelcey, B., Phelps, G., Spybrook, J., Jones, N., & Zhang, J. (2017. ) Designing Large-scale Multisite and Cluster-randomized Studies of Professional Development .Journal of Experimental Education, ,

Dong, N., Kelcey, B., & Spybrook, J. (2017. ) Power analyses for moderator effects in three-level cluster randomized trials .Journal of Experimental Education, ,

Wallace, T., Kelcey, B., & Ruzek, E. (2016. ) What Can Student Perception Surveys Tell Us About Teaching?: Empirically Testing Theoretically-Proposed Dimensions of Teaching .American Educational Research Journal, ,

Phelps, G., Kelcey, B., Liu, S., & Jones, N. (2016. ) Performance Trajectories of Teacher Knowledge Growth Throughout Professional Development Programs. Evaluation Review, ,

Spybrook, J., Kelcey, B., & Dong, N. (2016. ) Power Analyses for Detecting Treatment by Moderator Effects in Cluster Randomized Trials .Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, ,

Kelcey, B, Shen, Z., Spybrook, J. (2016. ) Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Designing School Randomized Trials in Education in Sub-Saharan Africa .Evaluation Review, ,

Spybrook, J. & Kelcey, B. (2016. ) Introduction to Three Special Issues on Design Parameters Values for Planning Cluster Randomized Trials in the Social Sciences .Evaluation Review, , 40 ,491-499

Kelcey, B. & Shen, Z. (2016. ) Multilevel Design of School Effectiveness Studies in Sub-Saharan Africa .School Effectiveness and School Improvement, ,

Spybrook, J., & Shi, R., & Kelcey, B. (2016. ) Progress in the Past Decade: An Examination of the Precision of Cluster Randomized Trials Funded by the U.S. Institute of Education Sciences .International Journal of Research & Method in Education, ,

Dwyer, J. Kelcey, B., Berebitsky, D., & Carlisle, J (2016. ) A Study of Teachers’ Discourse Moves That Support Text-based Discussions .Elementary School Journal., ,

Adelson, J. & Kelcey, B. (2016. ) Bringing a perspective from outside the field: A commentary on Davis et al.’s (2010) use of a modified regression discontinuity design to evaluate a gifted program. Journal of Advanced Academics, ,

Kelcey,B. (2014. ) Measuring Teachers’ Instruction with Multilevel Item Response Theory. International Journal of Research in Education Methodology, ,

Moss, B., Kelcey, B., & Showers, N. (2014. ) Classrooms as Moderators of Developmental Education Effectiveness and Student Achievement .Community College Review, , 42 ,201-220

Kelcey, B. & Swoboda, C. (2014. ) Prognostic Scores in Clustered Settings .In Propensity Score Analysis: Fundamentals, Developments, and Extensions Edited by Wei Pan & Haiyan Bai, ,

Kelcey, B., & Phelps, G. (2014. ) Strategies for Improving Power in School Randomized Studies of Professional Development. .Evaluation Review, , 37 ,520-554

Kelcey, B., McGinn, D., & Hill, H. (2014. ) Approximate Measurement Invariance in Cross-classified Rater-mediated Assessments. Frontiers in Quantitative Psychology and Measurement, ,

Carlisle, J., Kelcey, B., & Berebitsky, D. (2013. ) Teachers' Support of Students' Vocabulary Learning During Literacy Instruction in High Poverty Elementary Schools .American Educational Research Journal, ,

Kelcey, B., & Carlisle, J. (2013. ) Learning About Teachers’ Literacy Instruction From Classroom Observations .Reading Research Quarterly, 48, 301-317, ,

Kelcey, B., & Phelps, G. (2013. ) Considerations for Designing Group Randomized Trials of Professional Development with Teacher Knowledge Outcomes .Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, , 35 ,370-390

Frank, K., Maurolis, S., Duong, M., & Kelcey, B. (2013. ) What would it take to Change an Inference?: Using Rubin’s Causal Model to Interpret the Robustness of Causal Inferences .Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 35, 437-460, ,

Carlisle, J., Kelcey, B., Rosaen, C., Phelps, G., & Vereb, A. (2013. ) A Framework for Analysis of Case Studies of Reading Lessons .Journal of Education and Training Studies , , 224-238

Kelcey, B. (2011. ) Assessing the Effects of Teachers’ Reading Knowledge on Students’ Achievement Using Multilevel Propensity Score Stratification .Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, , 33 ,458-482

Kelcey, B. (2011. ) Covariate Selection in Propensity Scores Using Outcome Proxies .Multivariate Behavioral Research, , 46 ,453-476

Carlisle, J., Kelcey, B., Berebitsky, D., & Phelps, G. (2011. ) Embracing the Complexity of Instruction: A Study of the Effects of Teachers' Instruction on Students' Reading Comprehension .Scientific Studies of Reading, , 15 ,409-439

Carlisle, J., Kelcey, B., Rowan, B., & Phelps, G. (2011. ) Teachers' Knowledge About Early Reading: Effects on Students' Gains in Reading Achievement .Journal for Research on Educational Effectiveness, , 4 ,289-321

Songer, N. B., Kelcey, B., & Gotwals, A. (2009. ) Empirically Driven Development of a Learning Progression Focused in Complex Reasoning about Biodiversity .Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 46, 610-631, ,

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (in review) A Partial Posterior Predictive Distribution Test for Multilevel Mediation .Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, ,

Bulus, M., Dong, N., Kelcey, B., & Spybrook, J. (in development) Designing cluster-randomized trials to detect the main, moderation and mediation effects in the R environment: An exposition via PowerUpR library with examples from STEM education .Journal of Statistical Software, ,

Spybrook, J., Kelcey, B., & Dong, N. (in review) Statistical Power in Multilevel Models. In Multilevel Modeling Methods with Introductory and Advanced Applications edited by Ann O’Connell, Betsy McCoach, Bethany Bell .

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (in review) Comparing Estimation Approaches for Multilevel Structural Equation Models with Limited Sample Sizes and Model Misspecifications .Methodology, ,

Dong, N., Kelcey, B., & Spybrook, J. (in press) Experimental Design and Power for Moderation in Multisite Cluster Randomized Trials to Investigate Treatment Effect Heterogeneity .Journal of Experimental Education, ,

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (in press) A Partial Posterior p value Test for Multilevel Mediation .Statistica Neerlandica, ,

Dong, N., Kelcey, B., & Spybrook, J. (2021. ) Design Considerations in Multisite Randomized Trials to Probe Moderated Treatment Effects .Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, ,

Kim, Y., Petscher, Y., Treiman, R., & Kelcey, B. (2021. ) Letter features as predictors of letter-name acquisition in four languages with three scripts .Scientific Studies of Reading, ,

Dong, N., Spybrook, J., Kelcey, B., & Bulus, M. (2021. ) Power analyses for moderator effects with (Non)Random Slopes in cluster randomized trials .Methodology, ,

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (2021. ) Croon’s Bias Corrected Estimation of Latent Interactions .Structural Equation Modeling, ,

Moss, B. & Kelcey, B. (2022. ) Words of Warning: Results from a Randomized Study of the Impact of Warning Letters on Academic Probation Students .Community College Review, ,

Spybrook, J., Kelcey, B., & Dong, N. (2022. ) Statistical Power in Multilevel Models .Multilevel Modeling Methods with Introductory and Advanced Applications, ,

Shen, Z. & Kelcey, B. (2022. ) Optimal sample allocation in multisite randomized trials .Journal of Experimental Education, ,

Jones, N., Camburn, E., Kelcey, B., & Quintero, E. (2022. ) Teachers’ Time Use and Affect Before and After COVID-19 School Closures. .AERA Open, ,

Zhang, Q., Spybrook, J., Kelcey, B., & Dong, N. (2022. ) Foundational Methods: Power Analysis .In A. Rupp & D. McCaffrey International Encyclopedia of Education 4th edition: Quantitative Research/Educational Measurement, Elsevier Publications, ,

Shen, Z. & Kelcey, B. (2022. ) Optimal Sample Allocation for Three-Level Multisite Cluster Randomized Trials .Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, ,

Dong, N., Kelcey, B. & Spybrook, J. (2023. ) Identifying and estimating the average moderated treatment effects on the treated and target subgroups .Multivariate Behavioral Research, ,

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (2023. ) Statistical power for detecting moderated effects in partially nested designs. .American Journal of Evaluation, ,

Cox, K. & Kelcey, B. (2023. ) Croon’s Bias Corrected Estimation for Multilevel Structural Equation Models with Non-Normal Indicators and Model Misspecifications .Educational and Psychological Measurement, ,

Li, W., Dong, N., Maynard, R., Spybrook, J., & Kelcey, B. (2023. ) Experimental Design and Statistical Power for Cluster-Randomized Cost-Effectiveness Trials .Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, ,

Cox, K., Kelcey, B. & Luce, H. (2023. ) Power for moderated effects in three-level partially nested designs .Journal of Experimental Education, ,

Cox, K., Kelcey, B. & Bai, F. (2023. ) Croon’s Bias Corrected Estimation of Multilevel Structural Equation Models with Latent Interactions .Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, ,

Dong, N., Kelcey, B., & Spybrook, J. (in press) Experimental Design and Power for Moderation in Multisite Cluster Randomized Trials to Investigate Treatment Effect Heterogeneity .Journal of Experimental Education, ,

Li, W., Dong, N., Maynard, R., Kelcey, B., Spybrook, J., & Xu, Y. (in press) A Practitioner’s Guide for Sample Size Planning in the Design of Two-Level Randomized Cost-Effectiveness Trials. .Social Work Research Journal, ,

Other Publications

PowerUpR Shiny App for Designing Multilevel Studies Probing Mediation .

Mediation Design

PowerUpR Shiny App for Designing Multilevel Studies .

Main Effects Design

PowerUpR Shiny App for Designing Partially Nested Studies Probing Mediation. .

Partially Nested Designs

Paper Presentations

Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Noninvariant Measurement in Rater-Mediated Assessments of Teaching Quality .

Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Power Analysis for Cross Level Mediation in Cluster Randomized Trials .

Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Approximate Measurement Invariance in Rater‐mediated Assessments: Measuring Teaching Quality with Classroom Observations .

Kelcey,B., Phelps, G., & Spybrook, J. (2014. ) School Randomized Designs of Professional Development using Teacher Knowledge Outcomes .

Kelcey, B. & Spybrook, J. (2014. ) Designing Adequately Powered Cluster Randomized Trials using Optimal Design Plus .

Spybrook, J. & Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Power Calculations for Binary Moderators in Cluster Randomized Trials .

Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Noninvariant Measurement in Rater-mediated Assessments .

Kelcey, B. McGinn, D., Hill, H., & Charalambous, C. (2014. ) Dimensionality and Generalizability of the Mathematical Quality of Instruction Instrument .

Kelcey, B., & Carlisle, J. (2014. ) Teachers’ Knowledge about Teaching Reading, Their Instructional Practices, and Their Students’ Reading Achievement: Evidence from Quantile Mediation .

Carlisle, J., Connor, C., Kelcey, B., Petscher,Y., Sparapani, N., Ingebrand, S. (2014. ) Development of an Observation System: Creating Opportunities to Learn From Text .

Kelcey, B., Frank, K., & Seltzer, M. (2014. ) Parametric Sensitivity Analysis Thresholds for Mediation Effects .

McGinn, D., Kelcey, B., Hill, H., & Chin, M. (2014. ) Using Item Response Theory to Learn about Observational Instruments .

Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Multilevel Mediation: Design and Analysis .

Shen, Z. & Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Power Analysis for Multilevel Mediation .

Swoboda, C., Kelcey, B., & Zhang, J. (2014. ) Estimation of cross-classified random effects with missing data using multiple imputation .

Shen, Z. & Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Power Analysis for Cross-level Mediation .

Kelcey, B. & Phelps, G. (2013. ) Parameters for the Design of Group Randomized Studies for Teacher Professional Development .

Kelcey, B. McGinn, D., & Hill, H. (2013. ) Approximate Measurement Invariance in Rater-mediated Assessments: A Random Item Effects Item Response Model for Measuring Teaching Quality with Classroom Observations .

Kelcey, B. McGinn, D., & Hill, H. (2013. ) Measurement of Classroom Teaching Quality with Item Response Theory .

Kelcey, B. McGinn, D., & Hill, H. (2013. ) Measurement Issues in Teacher Observations and the Estimation of Teacher Effects .

Spybrook, J., Westine, C., Taylor, J., & Kelcey, B. (2013. ) Designing Adequately Powered Cluster Randomized Trials Using Optimal Design Plus .

Kelcey, B. (2013. ) Introduction to the Measures of Effective Teaching Longitudinal Database .

Kelcey, B. (2013. ) Psychometric Models for Measuring Individualized Instruction .

Kelcey, B. (2013. ) Propensity Score Matching within Prognostic Strata .

Kelcey, B. (2012. ) Propensity Score Matching within Prognostic Strata .

Kelcey, B., & Carlisle, J. (2012. ) Patterns of Instruction in Early Reading Lessons .

Kelcey, B., & Carlisle, J. (2012. ) A Multilevel Bifactor Framework for the Measurement of Multidimensional Instruction .

Frank, K., Maurolis, S., Duong, M., & Kelcey, B. (2012. ) A Quality Threshold for Statistical Controls in Observational Studies .

Moss, B., Kelcey, B., & Showers, N. (2012. ) Classrooms as Moderators of Developmental Education Effectiveness and Student Achievement .

Kelcey, B. (2012. ) A Multilevel Bifactor Framework for the Measurement of Teaching Across Subject Areas .

Kelcey, B. (2011. ) Inferences on Instructional Practice Measured With Multiple Sources of Variation .

Kelcey, B. (2011. ) Measurement with Cross-classified Item Response Models .

Kelcey, B. (2011. ) The Threshold of Embedded M Collider Bias and Confounding Bias .

Kelcey, B. (2011. ) Matching Across Schools with Multilevel Propensity Scores .

Gersh, A. & Kelcey, B. (2011. ) Improving New Teacher Effectiveness: An Analysis of Collective Teacher Knowledge and Possible Contextual Effects .

Carlisle, J., Kelcey, B., & Berebitsky, D. (2011. ) Teachers' Vocabulary Instruction and Word Meaning Interactions in High Poverty Schools .

Kelcey, B. (2010. ) Applications of Multilevel Propensity Scores .

Kelcey, B. (2010. ) A Multivariate, Multilevel Rasch Model for Characterizing Observed Instruction .

Kelcey, B., & Carlisle, J. (2010. ) A Triangulation of Teachers' Effectiveness via Value Added Models, Teacher Knowledge and Observed Instruction .

Kelcey, B. (2010. ) A Multivariate, Multilevel Rasch Model for Characterizing Teaching and Learning .

Kelcey, B. (2009. ) Propensity Score Variable Selection and Model Type in Multilevel Settings in which Treatment Assignment Varies by Schools .

Carlisle, J., Kelcey, B., Phelps, G., Johnson, D., & Berebitsky, D. (2009. ) Do teachers’ instructional practices during reading comprehension lessons contribute to their students’ progress in reading? .

Frank, K., Duong, M., Maurolis, S., & Kelcey, B. (2009. ) The Robustness of Inferences from Quasi- and Randomized Experiments .

Songer, N. B., Kelcey, B., & Gotwals, A. (2009. ) How and When Does Complex Reasoning Occur? Empirically Driven Development of a Learning Progression Focused on Complex Reasoning about Biodiversity .

Swoboda, C. & Kelcey, B. (2014. ) Combining propensity and prognostic scores in clustered settings .

Kelcey, B. (2015. ) Degenerate Power in Multilevel Mediation: The Non-monotonic Relationship Between Power & Effect Size .

Kelcey, B., Spybrook, J., Zhang, J., Phelps, G., & Jones, N. (2015. ) Strategies for Improving Power in Cluster Randomized Studies of Professional Development .

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